This paper analyses financial inclusion in Africa focusing on the role of political business cycles and pricing … loan price increases in pre-election and election years. Building on this result and employing various specifications of … financial inclusion, the second results suggest that, high bank loan prices in election years tend to increase financial access …

(1975 - 2009). We find an increase in the growth rate of M1 during election months of about one tenth of a standard … is related to systemic vote buying which requires significant amounts of cash at election times. The finely timed …

increase in the growth rate of M1 during election months of about one tenth of a standard deviation. A similar effect can … neither be detected in established OECD democracies nor in the months leading up to the election. The effect is larger in … democracies with many poor and uneducated voters, and in Sub-Saharan Africa and in East-Asia and the Pacific. We show that the …

The political business cycle theories describe that election-motivated politicians manipulate economic policy …-making. Election cycles occur in many fiscal variables, for example tax rates. I examine whether electoral motives influence communal … municipalities from seven states over the period 1992-2006. The results show that municipalities increase communal fees in election …

use of fiscal and monetary policy tools during election periods. It also investigates whether governments reverse their … pre-election excesses in the year after a general election. I estimate a variant of the Nordhaus politico-economic model … interventions in fiscal and monetary instruments but do not reverse their policies in the aftermath of an election. …