We investigate to what extent the probability that a Specific Trade Concern (STC) is raised in the WTO against a Member … in a given sector is affected by past reductions in applied tariffs. Employing an identification strategy based on 'new … measures', we find evidence of a substitution of non-tariff measures for tariffs both in the sample of TBT and in the sample of …

would likely adopt a more multilateral stance, while Trump could intensify tariffs and weaken the WTO's role. If the U … in global economic cooperation could impact Europe up to four times more than direct U.S. tariffs alone. Potential U ….S. imposes broad tariffs-such as a 10% surcharge on imports and a 60% tariff on Chinese goods-global trade could shrink by 2 …

, unlike other import tariffs, AD duties are not absorbed by exporters. The results on firms' average markups also suggest that …

Market access negotiations in merchandise trade at the multilateral level cover tariffs and non-tariff measures (NTMs …). While tariffs have been substantially reduced in earlier rounds, they remain high in certain areas and further reductions …