When children start school, parents save time and/or money. In this paper, we empirically examine the impact of these … changes to the family's budget constraint on parents' working hours. Labor supply is theoretically expected to increase for … parents who used to spend time taking care of their children, but to decrease for fulltime working parents because of an …

's cognitive and educational attainment is not obvious: on the one hand, children may benefit from higher levels of family income …, on the other hand, parental employment reduces the amount of time parents spend with their children. …, especially those of mothers with young children. This trend has triggered an intense debate about its implications for children …

future.’ In this article, I examine trends in the employment gap between mothers and fathers of young children over the last …, the USA, the UK, and Germany. Substantial closing of the gap in the 1970s and 1980s was followed by stability since then …