A mathematical formulation is developed for modeling a joint two-echelon supply chain consisting of a single manufacturer (i.e., vendor) who continuously produces a production lot of size Q items with constant production rate P≥D where D is the given demand rate set by the retailer (i.e.,...

In recent decades, the integrated manufacturer-buyer supply chain problem has been widely studied by many scholars, as it provides benefits to both parties in terms of planning flexibility, information sharing and joint costs. The manufacturer produces a production lot of size Q, with variable...