for the various countries are as follows: i) Productivity appears to reduce environmental pollution in France, Germany …, Italy, and the United States. ii) R&D expenditure reduces environmental pollution in Canada, Germany, Japan, the United … States, and the whole panel. iii) In the United States, renewable energy reduces environmental pollution. iv) Urbanization …

environmental pollution and is detrimental to the improvement of environmental quality in BRICS countries, while economic … reducing environmental pollution. Furthermore, panel Granger causality tests have shown the bi-directional causality of CO2 …

This paper tests the effect of gross domestic product (GDP) per capita on pollution, measured by carbon dioxide (CO2 …) emissions per capita. World Bank 1992 study claims that pollution rises with income, but at a slower and slower speed and …-hypothesis") between CO2 emissions per capita and GDP per capita in a cross-section of world countries with data from 2000, thus proving …

This paper tests the effect of gross domestic product (GDP) per capita on pollution, measured by carbon dioxide (CO2 …) emissions per capita. World Bank 1992 study claims that pollution rises with income, but at a slower and slower speed and …-hypothesis") between CO2 emissions per capita and GDP per capita in a cross-section of world countries with data from 2000, thus proving …