on the stationarity properties of the series involved - per capita emissions or concentrations and per capita GDP - and … basis of panel integration and cointegration tests for sulfur, Stern (2002, 2003) and Perman and Stern (1999, 2003) have …

explanatory variables other than GDP, alternative datasets, functional forms, and grouping of the countries examined. The most … emissions or concentrations and per capita GDP - and, in case of unit roots, on the cointegration property that must be present … long-run relationship exhibits an inverted-U pattern. On the basis of panel integration and cointegration tests for sulphur …

This paper uses the panel data of energy consumption and GDP for 82 countries from 1972 to 2002. Based on the income … levels defined by the World Bank, the data are divided into four categories: low income group, lower middle income group …, upper middle income group, and high income group. We employ the GMM-SYS approach for the estimation of the panel VAR model …