The emergence of e-commerce as a threat to local businesses has become a topic of concern. However, previous literature provides limited empirical evidence of e-retailer’s impact due to the absence of clearly designated service areas. This study enhances our understanding of e-commerce’s...

In recent decades, technology allowed for the retail industry’s pivot to vertical integration and systematic changes in national supply chains. After a wave of the spread of Walmart and other big-box stores, the emergence of e-commerce nowadays is at the center of attention as a threat to...