Infrastructure development in Southeast Asia has been financed mainly by public funds, which leave wide gaps in … implementation is not limited to hard infrastructure only, but also to social infrastructure. …

This paper quantitatively assesses the macroeconomic effects of the recently agreed U.S. bipartisan infrastructure … types of infrastructure spending and linkages between the final and intermediate goods sectors. We find that infrastructure … multipliers above unity if infrastructure spending and rising public debt are financed by consumption, dividend and labour income …