&A). Exploiting the patent application procedure at the European Patent Office we introduce a new measure for the possibility to …

patent terms vary: inventions that commercialize at the time of invention receive a full patent term, whereas inventions that … - effective patent terms. We present a simple model formalizing how this variation may distort research and development (R&D). We …, effective patent terms longer - for drugs targeting late-stage cancer patients, relative to drugs targeting early-stage cancer …