leisure and effort at work are complementary. We develop a spatial model of self-employment in which effort at work and … commuting are negatively related, and thus the probability of self-employment decreases with "expected" commuting time. We use … metropolitan areas in the US, focusing on the relationship between commuting time and the probability of self-employment. Our …

relationship between individual earnings and commuting and leisure. Our empirical results show that employment is mostly …-efficiency background, where leisure and effort at work are complementary. Using data from the American Time Use Survey (ATUS) for the … concentrated in metropolitan cores, and that earnings increase with "expected" commuting time, which gives empirical support to our …

allow for behavioral substitution between leisure time at home and effort at work. In equilibrium, residing at a location … with a long commute affects the time available for leisure at home and therefore affects the trade-off between effort at … wages, which are both consistent with shirking and leisure being substitutable. …

allow for behavioral substitution between leisure time at home and effort at work. In equilibrium, residing at a location … with a long commute affects the time available for leisure at home and therefore affects the trade-off between effort at … wages, which are both consistent with shirking and leisure being substitutable …