derive a theoretical gravity equation for the carbon dioxide content of trade, which accounts for intermediate inputs, both … domestic and imported. The structure of our new panel database of the carbon content of sectoral bilateral trade flows allows …

adherence is systematically higher along the pre-Islamic trade routes. We discuss the possible mechanisms that may give rise to … and proximity to lucrative trade routes. We argue that these elements exacerbated inequalities across diverse tribal … societies producing a conflictual environment that had the potential to disrupt trade flows. Any credible movement attempting to …

benefits of trade. We assert that this emphasize leads to erroneous student mindset that trade requires specialization based on … and trade with real but paradoxical situations where the same goods are both imported and exported by a country. Students … trade situation for which specialization is not relevant. …