Apple's dominating music downloading service iTunes Music Store has brought interoperability debate once again on the table. To be sure, Apple's music downloading service is just one example of a closed Digital Rights Management system controlled by a single company or organization in a given...

This article discusses the meaning of reasonable and non-discriminatory (RAND) licensing terms in standards from European competition law perspective. Building on the Microsoft case, the article argues that the competition law assessment of RAND must take into account the licensing environment...

The idea of alternative compensation methods for recording artists has gained increasing popularity as Internet copying has started to seriously threaten record sales. We start this article by looking at the general theory on alternatives to copyright royalties and show that recording artist...

Finnish Parliament accepted in February 2007 a new law on class actions (literally group actions), which entered into force 1 October, 2008. The legislative process was particularly slow. Finland has been preparing a law on class actions since the early 1990s and this was - depending on the...