This paper defines four basic business models based on what asset rights are sold (Creators, Distributors, Landlords and Brokers) and four variations of each based on what type of assets are involved (Financial, Physical, Intangible, and Human). Using this framework, we classified the business...

The fiscal policies in the contemporaneous economic systems heavy influence both the real and nominal sectors. These effects could be located at the primary distribution of the social resources as will as at level their redistribution one. The aims of this paper are: (1) to review the literature...

Policy in Pakistan has been fairly path-dependant, placing a higher weight on export promotion and domestic industrialisation development than on domestic commerce. Yet domestic commerce is growing rapidly, and quite possibly is the largest sector in the economy. This paper argues that a more...

An investor concerned with the downside risk of a black swan only needs a small portfolio to reap the benefits from diversification. This matches actual portfolio sizes, but does contrast with received wisdom from mean–variance analysis and intuition regarding fat tailed distributed returns....

We model technological and financial innovation as reflecting the decisions of profit maximizing agents and explore the implications for economic growth. We start with a Schumpeterian endogenous growth model where entrepreneurs earn monopoly profits by inventing better goods and financiers arise...

Like many countries, Spain has gone through a series of financial crises, both before and after its industrialization. There are many underlying causes for these crises, as well as for the current Spanish downturn. It is worth noting that there are similarities between recessions throughout the...

Affine models describe the stylized time-series properties of the term structure of interest rates in a reasonable manner, they generalize relatively easily to higher dimensions, and a vast academic literature exists relating to their implementation. This combination of characteristics makes the...

We examine comovement in two famous Japanese stock indexes (the Nikkei 225 and the MSCI Japan) by employing the Barberis et al. (2005) methodology. First, we compare the equal-weighted Nikkei 225 with the value-weighted Nikkei 225 and find that the index fund trading effect is strong in the...

We argue that ceteris paribus, introducing a habit that resolves the equity premium puzzle is equivalent to increasing the coefficient of relative risk aversion. Thus, if habit is modeled subject to the constraint that the Arrow-Pratt coefficient of relative risk aversion is held at a constant...

This book is based on the premise that mainstream economics has become excessively specialized and formalized, entering a state of de facto withdrawal from the study of the economy in favour of exercises in applied mathematics. The editors believe that there is much scope for synergies by...