This report discusses key issues around the mobilization of private capital for development. Investment requirements are huge, especially for infrastructure, climate and other SDG-related investments. External finance for developing countries stagnated in the years before the pandemic, followed...

This study makes an innovative approach towards rating the profitability of microcredit. A sample consisting of 24 micro-finance institutions (MFIs) operating in different regions worldwide is observed over a period of up to 9 consecutive years. The capacity of those institutions to generate...

Using a theoretical model that incorporates asymmetric information and differing comparative advantages among lenders, this paper analyzes the impact of lender entry on credit access and aggregate net output. The model shows that lender entry has the potential to create a segmented market that...

This paper examines the evolving importance of banks and securities markets during the process of economic development. We find that as countries develop economically, (1) the size of both banks and securities markets increases relative to the size of the economy, (2) the association between an...

Mortgage-backed securities (MBS) are debt obligations whose cash flows are backed by the principal and interest payments of pools of mortgage loans, most commonly on residential property (Riddiough, 2001). Lenders establish underwriting guidelines, evaluate prospective homeowners’ credit, and...

The paper studies risk mitigation associated with capital regulation, in a context when banks may choose tail risk assets. We show that this undermines the traditional result that higher capital reduces excess risk-taking driven by limited liability. When capital raising is costly, poorly...

Using a theoretical model that incorporates asymmetric information and differing comparative advantages among lenders, this paper analyzes the impact of lender entry on credit access and aggregate net output. The model shows that lender entry has the potential to create a segmented market that...

The paper studies risk mitigation associated with capital regulation, in a context when banks may choose tail risk assets. We show that this undermines the traditional result that higher capital reduces excess risk-taking driven by limited liability. When capital raising is costly, poorly...

The Muslims of South Asia made the transition to modern economic life more slowly than the region's Hindus. In the first half of the twentieth century, they were relatively less likely to use large-scale and long-living economic organizations, and less likely to serve on corporate boards....

The state-business relationship in the 1960s and 70s was a vertical one where the state led the private sector. The government made the plan, provided the necessary resources, and later evaluated the performance of the entrepreneurs who executed the plan. In the 1980s, however, the relationship...