According to a statement made in the BP Energy Outlook report in 2017, most of the world's liquid fuel (petroleum) is being consumed by the transportation industry. The mechanisms used to stimulate changes in the energy markets are affected by government policies that act in more ambitious ways...

The aims of this paper are twofold: first, we attempt to express the threshold of a single “A” rating as issued by major international rating agencies in terms of annualised probabilities of default. We use data from Standard & Poor’s and Moody’s publicly available rating histories to...

The aims of this paper are twofold: first, we attempt to express the threshold of a single “A” rating as issued by major international rating agencies in terms of annualised probabilities of default. We use data from Standard & Poor's and Moody's publicly available rating histories to...

Testing calibration quality by means of backtesting is an integral part in the validation of credit rating systems. Against this background this paper provides a comprehensive overview of existing testing procedures. We study the procedures'deficiencies theoretically and illustrate their impact...

In this paper we analyse two common measures of discriminatory power - the Accuracy Ratio and the Area Under the Receiver Operator Characteristic - in a probabilistic framework. Under the assumption of a random default event, we verify that the measures will be portfolio dependent as discovered...

The validation of credit rating systems has recently attracted particular interest both from banks and their supervisors as well as from academic research. Whereas the main interest has been focused on backtesting methods, alternative approaches such as benchmarking are of growing importance....

The aims of this paper are twofold: first, we attempt to express the threshold of a single quot;Aquot; rating as issued by major international rating agencies in terms of annualised probabilities of default. We use data from Standard amp; Poor's and Moody's publicly available rating histories to...

Although there have been many empirical studies about systemic risk since the financial crisis of 2008, few have analyzed the systemic risk in the time-frequency domain. In this paper, based on wavelet analysis, the main time-frequency characteristics of China’s systemic risk, the...

According to a statement made in the BP Energy Outlook report in 2017, most of the world's liquid fuel (petroleum) is being consumed by the transportation industry. The mechanisms used to stimulate changes in the energy markets are affected by government policies that act in more ambitious ways...

The aims of this paper are twofold: first, we attempt to express the threshold of a single "A" rating as issued by major international rating agencies in terms of annualised probabilities of default. We use data from Standard & Poor’s and Moody’s publicly available rating histories to...