Learning is the only sure way to achieve ongoing performance improvement. Budgeting and learning are fundamentally orthogonal processes. Budgeting stabilizes, which is a good thing in itself, and promotes economy, but it discourages understanding of variation. Learning requires perturbation and...

What are bid-protests? What functions do they perform? This article proposes that government contracting, especially the source-selection process, gives rise to a particularly intractable set of transactional hazards: governmental opportunism, involving elected officials and public employees,...

This literature survey distinguishes between public administration and economics, identifies some issues common to both fields and some reasons why public administration is not economics. Finally, it briefly surveys the contributions and limits of three bodies of economic literature that have in...

Public choice theorists generally assume that bureaucrats seek to maximize their own utility functions, subject to externally imposed constraints. Changes in constraint values may, therefore, be expected to result in predictable changes in the behavior of most organizations, not just businesses....