This article studies four transform pricing methods in the context of general equilibrium (GE) framework. The four methods, viz. the Esscher transform, indifference pricing, the Wang transform, and the standard deviation loading, are popular among actuarial literature and practice. The transform...

The purpose of this paper is to apply a belief rule-based (BRB) system to solve the multiasset class portfolio optimisation problems. The BRB system, was developed on the basis of the concept of belief structures and the evidential reasoning (ER) approach, is a generic non-linear modelling and...

During the financial crisis in 2007-8, the quoted spread for the average S&P 1500 firm increased by 50%, while the systematic liquidity risk increased by 34%. We find that the trading of a firm's equity by institutional investors increased the firms' quoted spreads, and led to a higher liquidity...