We document international changes in bankruptcy law pertaining to personal liabilities. Implications are investigated within a theoretical model, focusing on interest rates, employment, and bankruptcy incidence. Small-firm employment rises as bankruptcy law becomes more stringent, but interest...

Recent changes in bankruptcy law pertaining to personal liabilities are widespread. Broad trends include eligibility of personal liabilities in voluntary bankruptcy proceedings, strict insolvency requirements, and debt discharge. Moral considerations are even codified within the law, restricting...

A taxonomy of existing and planned automated trade execution systems in financial markets is provided. Over 50 automated market structures in 16 countries are analyzed. The classification scheme is organized around the principle that such markets consist of an algorithm that performs a trade...

Automated trade execution systems are examined with respect to the degree to which they automate the price discovery process. Seven levels of automation of price discovery are identified, and 47 systems are classified according to these criteria. Systems operating at various levels of automation...