Spatial disparity in incomes and productivity is apparent across and within countries. Most studies of the determinants of such differences focus on cross-country comparisons or location choice among firms. Less studied are the large differences in agricultural productivity within countries...

This study tested for the presence of risk premiums on crude oil and natural gas. The econometric analysis followed from a stochastic model in which the equilibrium value of inventories depends on a convenience yield and an option value related to price uncertainty. The empirical findings...

A dynamic trader problem under uncertain demand is presented and spatial and temporal arbitrage conditions derived from first‐order conditions. A time‐varying storage premium that explains backwardation and inverse carrying charges independent of risk‐aversion, stockouts, or convenience is...

Greenhouse gas emissions are largely determined by how energy is created and used, and policies designed to encourage mitigation efforts reflect this reality. However, an unintended consequence of an energy-focused strategy is that the set of policy instruments needed to tap mitigation...

We describe important institutions that shape climate change policies together with a set of key market-reliant instruments. We selectively review the related economic literature, emphasizing empirical studies that assess the efficacy of current policies and the workings of policy-dependent...

In the Middle East and North Africa, food security and water security are tightly entwined. In particular, choices about the extent to which food security policies rely on trade rather than domestically produced staples have stark consequences for the region's limited water resources. This paper...

In Africa, most development strategies include efforts to improve the productivity of staple crops grown on smallholder farms. An underlying premise is that small farms are productive in the African context and that smallholders do not forgo economies of scale -- a premise supported by the often...

Effiziente Reduktion des Produktionsrisikos im Ackerbau durch Ertragsversicherungen In Europa werden staatliche Hilfen für Ertragsversicherungen nach dem Vorbild der USA oder Kanada gefordert. In dieser Arbeit werden daher zum einen Bedingungen erarbeitet, unter denen die Subventionierung von...