Algorithms are the fundamental ingredient of online businesses such as search engines, marketplaces, peer-to peer platforms and social networks. They have already deeply affected the way individuals shop, communicate, and interact with one another. In pursuit of automation-driven efficiencies...

In recent years, technological advances have propelled platforms to centre stage and competition authorities increasingly deal with issues pertaining to their workings in ICT and other industries. A still partially unanswered question, though, is what is the theoretical framework that looks most...

The Google Android Decision was announced by the European Commission on 18 July 2018. The Commission found that three restrictions related to Android and Android apps that Google imposed on mobile device manufacturers and network operators infringed Article 102 TFEU. These restrictions,...

The working of the digital economy is intimately intertwined with the mechanics of algorithms. Powerful computers and 'smart' devices carry out the step-bystep sets of operations contained in algorithms in order to perform the calculation, data processing, and automated reasoning tasks that...

A two-sided platform business is a new type of intermediary to be found in a growing number of economic sectors. As to the hospitability industry in particular, recent innovations in the field of digital technologies prompted the rise of so called Online Travel Agents (OTAs) and the demise of...

The revised EU Directive on payment services in the internal market (PSD2) entered into application on 13 January 2018. The PSD2 introduces a sector-specific data portability rule dubbed access to account, or XS2A. Under the PSD2, specific categories of third parties (“Fintechs”) are allowed...

There may not be better way by which one can instantly capture the quintessence of the 81-page Proposal for a Digital Markets Act tabled by the European Commission in December 2020 as when one reads a few lines placed in the middle of Recital 58: “The gatekeepers should ensure the compliance...

At a recent competition policy webinar, the question was raised whether the 2021 infringement decision by the Italian Competition Authority fining Amazon for having leveraged the dominant position it holds in the Italian market for marketplaces to favour the adoption of its own logistics...

The paper explores data portability from an EU competition policy perspective as set against an institutional and conceptual background swept by gales of transformation. The looming competition policy reform package includes an ex ante regulatory framework aiming to impose proportionate...

European competition policy in regard to vertical restraints is currently based on modern industrial economics. As far as vertical restraints are concerned, this influential economic approach has contributed to correcting the former much less positive competition assessment of these practices...