Human rights are universally recognized. Their enforcement, however, often requires the action of particular states. This paper examines private law remedies in tort in several Member states of the European Union to remedy human rights violations occurring outside the European Union. It...

Greenmail denotes the decision by a corporation's board of directors to repurchase its shares that are held by a corporate raider, often at a significant premium, thereby keeping the board of directors in office. It may represent a conflict of interest between the corporation's shareholders and...

"Lawfare" is the idea that international law only exists as a strategem; that states only comply with or create international rules as part of their quest for power; that power, not law or morality or even trade dominates international relations; and that states are rational power maximizers. As...

Currently, a de facto global antitrust system, constructed on the basis of emulation of the converging U.S.-E.U. anti-trust/competition law regime is anchoring global laws about unfair business practices as to price fixing and production quotas, inter alia. This de facto system is not yet based...

This paper sets out the basics of the Import substitution - industrialization (ISI) model for development, the socialist variant of ISI and the neo-liberal theory of developing, critiquing each in turn. Each of these models failed, for different reasons, and in different ways, to attain...

The European Union (EU) is founded on conceptual variants within liberalism such as corporatism and ordo-liberalism which are collectivist, not individualist, social, not contractarian, and confederal, not federal. The institutions and laws which grow from these concepts often, but not always,...

Free trade and environmental protection are two norms which sometimes collide. The resolution of colliding norms can occur either using a formalist "descriptive" analysis, or using a "prescriptive" approach of legal realism. It may seem intuitive to imagine realism and formalism as mutually...