Using two different measures of immigrant labour-market integration (the ratio between immigrant unemployment to native … unemployment, and the ratio of employment rate among natives and immigrants) this paper tests six suggested explanations of why … force. Second, given that immigrants enter the labour force, collective bargaining agreements explain immigrant unemployment …

(EMU) led to lower wage growth and lower unemployment in participating countries. Following Grüner's model, monetary … national business cycles which, in turn, leads to higher unemployment risk. In order to counter-balance this effect, trade … unions lower their claims for wage mark-ups resulting in lower wage growth and lower unemployment. This paper uses …