The paper seeks to examine the African International Investment Agreement (IIA) reform approaches and their viability to reconcile investment protection and sustainable development. The first part examines African experiences with traditional IIAs and identifies their main impediments to the...

China has been a predominant investor in Africa for many years and contributes substantially to facilitating economic development and infrastructure projects in many African states. Yet, it is uncertain, to what extent the existing Africa-China BITs are sufficiently equipped to reconcile the...

One of the main reproaches against the WTO is that it does not allow for the enforcement of human rights through trade measures. The article analyzes legal, economic and political aspects of trade sanctions and trade incentives respectively. Whereas the WTO legal order hardly permits trade...

The article is a commentary to Article 215 TFEU, which governs the adoption of restrictive measures by the European Union. The article explores legal questions concerning the content and scope of restrictive measures, the procedure of adopting restrictive measures, the international law context,...

The article provides a commentary on Art. 301 of the Treaty on European Community on the adoption of economic sanctions by the European Community. It analyzes the substantive powers and the procedure of adopting sanctions and shows the legal problems in implementing those sanctions by the Member...

The paper examines some aspects of the relationship between trade liberalization and human rights. Whereas there are a lot of policy proposals to avoid the negative effects of trade liberalization on the human rights situation in WTO Member States, not all approaches are feasible to improve the...

The UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) prominently stress the importance of foreign investment for sustainable development. Yet, International Investment Agreements (IIAs) are frequently perceived to impede the regulatory powers of host states to adopt the sustainability policies necessary...