We investigate whether risk-related incentives of executive stock option (ESO) compensation plans are associated with income smoothing. Given that risk has both potential benefits and costs, including possible losses and/or large fluctuations that affect reported financial outcomes,...

Prior research (Young, 1995) using AICPA and census data illustrated a level of maturity in the accountancy profession, with numbers of CPAs increasing dramatically within the population from the early 20th Century. This work also illustrated strong growth in AICPA membership, and reported a...