As the euro area has a predominantly bank-based financial system, changes in the composition and strength of banks … crisis, in a context of financial market stress and weak bank balance sheets, unconventional monetary policy measures have … non-standard measures were successful in stimulating lending and which bank business models were more strongly affected …

countries experiencing systemic banking crises on profitability, credit, and the performance of borrower firms. Crisis exposures … reduce bank returns and tighten credit conditions for borrowers, constraining investment and growth. The effects are larger …We study the transmission of financial shocks across borders through international bank connections. Using data on …