In distribution systems such as airlines and express package delivery, the use of hub-and-spoke networks is common, and flow consolidation at hub facilities is essential for cost reduction. While a constant discount factor is typically used to model cost reduction in interhub links, this paper...

Collaborative delivery employing drones in last-mile delivery has been an extensively studied topic in recent years. In this paper, it is studied Truck–Drone Delivery Problems (TDDPs) in which a traditional delivery truck is gathered with a drone to cut delivery times and costs. The vehicles...