pandemic, relative to enhancing unemployment benefits. A large proportion of the economy is forced to shut down, and firms in … payroll, which speeds up labor market recovery after the pandemic ends. However, a wage subsidy can be costlier than enhancing …

The COVID-19 pandemic and its mobility restrictions have been an external shock, influencing wellbeing. However, does … differential timing of the effect of the pandemic across European countries, and the different stringency of lockdown to examine … lockdown took effect. However, such effects are wiped out when a country exhibits high mortality ('pandemic category 5'). Hence …

Lockdowns imposed to fight the Covid-19 pandemic have cross-border effects. In this paper, we estimate the empirical … first wave of the pandemic. Countries with a higher export share are particularly exposed to lockdown spillovers. …