yearly data on Muslim presence in the period 711-1492 and literacy rate in 1900 for about 7500 municipalities in Spain, we … estimate the local impact of the length of Muslim rule in the medieval period on literacy rate. Our findings reveal a very …

literacy. The Millennium Development Goals in education reflect structures of practice and thinking rooted in the 19th century …. Literacy as an early performance indicator of public expenditure embodied a construction of an opposition between ignorance and … knowledge, a disaggregation of social structures and a dismissal of informal education. It sustained the rise of the performance …