Russian Abstract: Анализ литературы и примеров санкций в исторической ретроспективе показывает, что санкции не являются в общем случае заменой военному противостоянию...

Russian Abstract: В работе предпринята попытка путем сравнительного анализа выборки старых демократий, а также описания набора эпизодов (включая и молодые демократии)...

Russian Abstract: Способность социального государства защищать своих граждан от внешней агрессии, терроризма вызывает растущие сомнения. Заинтересованность граждан...

Surges and cuts are explained here by some of the political factors affecting governments' abilities to balance the budget broadly discussed in the literature. We focus on territorial separatism, minority government, grand coalition, single-party government, and the ruling party's ideology....

Russian Abstract: В данной записке сравниваются ошибки инвесторов, провалы рынка и провалы государства, как факторы, объясняющие кризис 2007-2009 гг. Показано, что если...

Legal provisions that protect politicians from arrest and prosecution exist throughout much of the modern democratic world. Why, and with what effects, do societies choose to place their politicians above the law? We examine the institution of immunity both theoretically and empirically. Our...

The G20 has emerged as a premier deliberative forum, involving leaders of some of the largest, systematically important countries of the world. Over the years, the G20 agenda has evolved to include pertinent issues for both developed countries and the emerging market economies. After the G20...

Democracy usually is identified by the right to vote. However, in recent times voting procedures have been criticized, as they seemingly do not guarantee that all parts of the population have an adequate voice in the established political process. We suggest invigorating an old but nearly...

Legal provisions that protect politicians from arrest and prosecution exist throughout much of the modern democratic world. Why, and with what effects, do societies choose to place their politicians above the law? We examine the institution of immunity both theoretically and empirically. Our...

We construct a staged development framework with multi-period discrete choices to study the colonization of Hong Kong, which facilitated the trade of several agricultural and manufactured products, including opium, between Britain and China. The model is particularly designed based on historical...