This paper argues that corruption in Russia is systemic in nature. Low wage levels of public officials provide strong … incentives to engage in corruption. As corruption is illegal, corrupt officials can be exposed any time, which enforces loyalty … towards the powers that be; thus corruption is a method of governance. We trace the systemic corruption back to the Mongolian …

of corruption, solid political and economic stability determine significant effects on most financial variables … factors the main results hold, in that monitoring corruption, maintaining political stability and designing sound economic …

trust in local leaders, while corruption not only detracts from trust in local and regional leaders, it increases the public …