This article extends the previous research on the notion of a standardized call function and how to obtain an approximate model of the Black-Scholes formula via the hyperbolic tangent. Although the Black-Scholes approach is outdated and suffers from many limitations, it is still widely used to...

This work aims to conduct an analysis of the techniques for assessing and managing emerging risks that impact the insurance sector and to investigate issues related to climate change. The investigation took into account the regulatory obligations that arise for the Company to determine the...