This study aims to explore the ‘clash of cultures’ between international investment law and international cultural law. When countries pursue economic growth, their policy makers may have an incentive to lower cultural standards to promote economic activities. If states nonetheless maintain...

Indigenous peoples encounter serious challenges in asserting their rights and interests in the context of investor-state arbitrations arising out of international investment. Foreign direct investment occurs all over the globe, and it often has a negative effect on Indigenous communities, but...

Compensation for adjudicators is generally considered as a core issue for judicial independence and for attracting good judges in the institutional design for courts. This paper examines compensation systems for adjudicators and dispute settlement administrators in investor-state dispute...