In recent decades, manufacturers have relied on giant retailers or e-tailers to distribute their products. Given this evolution, some retailers have started demanding a Profit-Margin-Guarantee contract (PMG contract), under which the manufacturer must ensure that the retailer’s profit margin...

We investigate a manufacturer's information acquisition and subsidization strategies in a supply chain featuring two competing retailers who sell substitutable products and have private demand information. The manufacturer can decide whether to acquire demand information at a cost and further...

The term platform economy refers to a business practice in which online retailers serve as transaction platforms that connect upstream suppliers with downstream buyers. Each transaction platform has a traditional retail channel where a supplier can sell products indirectly to customers. In...