Robert Skidelsky has erroneously evaluated the mathematical analysis of J M Keynes for 35 years. The explanation for his numerous and continuing errors, concerning J M Keynes mathematical exposition, can be traced to two fundamental reasons. The first reason is his own severe mathematical...

Mirowski's 2012 HES Presidential address on Samuelson as a historian of economics and economist contains a number of errors of omission and commission. This paper corrects these errors, be they partial or total errors. One example is Mirowski's contention that it was Samuelson and his student,...

The major impediment standing in the way for economists seeking to understand Adam Smith's The Theory of Moral Sentiments (TTMS) and The Wealth of Nations (WN) is demonstrated to be their confusion over the terms, prudence, used by Smith in the standard Aristotelian sense in TTMS to mean putting...

Adam Smith was the first academic in history to make an explicit, detailed Uncertainty – Risk distinction and apply it clearly in a number of worked out examples and applications consistently in his analysis of decision making in the Wealth of Nations on occupational choice, businesses such as...

Smith's use of the “Invisible Hand,” as pointed out by Gavin Kennedy, is a metaphor provided for the great percentage of readers of the Wealth of Nations whom Smith realized would not be able to grasp the nature of his argument, which was about the ambiguity-uncertainty aversion of the...