Keynes ‘s first paragraph in his letter of the 9th of November, 1936, to Joan Robinson is the following two lines: “I beg you not to publish. For your argument as it stands is most certainly nonsense.”Anyone who reads this correspondence will soon realize that it was simply impossible for...

Keynes‘s first paragraph in his letter of the 9th of November,1936, is the following two lines: “I beg you not to publish. For your argument as it stands is most certainly nonsense.”Anyone who reads this correspondence will soon realize that it was simply impossible for Joan Robinson to...

Adam Smith demonstrated, repeatedly in his The Wealth of Nations in 1776 on, for example, pp.105-113,pp.227-244, pp.419-423,and p.714, his commitment and adherence to his theory of imprecise and inexact probability assessment that completely conflicted with Bentham’s exact, linear and additive...

Keynes’s concept of uncertainty from his 1908 Cambridge Fellowship dissertation to his death in 1946 was a range concept like probability-it could be measured on the unit interval between 0 and 1[0,1]. Uncertainty was an inverse function of what Keynes defined to be the evidential weight of...

Keynes had successfully applied his theory of logical, imprecise probability in his Indian Currency and Finance(1913), during his time in the British Treasury from 1914 till 1919, and in his The Economic Consequences of the Peace(1919). What Keynes applied was the concept of inexact measurement...

In 1990,J. Runde presented a formal, mathematical representation of Keynes’s theory of evidential weight, as presented in chapters 6 and 26 of Keynes’s A Treatise on Probability ,as V(a/h)=V = K/(K+I).In 1999,A. Vercelli revised this to read as V =V(a/h) = K/(K+I), 0≤V≤1.We can identify...

J M Keynes's Principle of Indifference is not the same as Laplace's Principle of Nonsufficient Reason. The application of Keynes's Principle of Indifference requires that the calculation of the probabilities be based on the existence of positive, symmetrical evidence. This requires that the...

This paper examines the historical oversights contained in one of P Wakker's articles on Uncertainty that is contained in The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics (2008).The same error is incorporated in all of his other articles and books written on this topic, so it is representative of his...

Both J M Keynes and Adam Smith used very similar ethical, epistemological, philosophical, and economic approaches in their analysis of the conditions that are necessary to maintain a stable, full employment economic system over time. They also agreed upon the nature of the fundamental problem...

All Rational Expectation Theorists rely on the Fallacy of Conditional Apriorism (Long Runism)in order to operationalize the Objective Limiting Frequency Interpretation of Probability. However, such a limit only occurs in the far distant long run as the number of observations from Time Series...