Adam Smith recognized that there was a severe problem in all free market economies that no “Invisible Hand of the Market” could ever deal with effectively. Based on his readings of Plato (Socrates) and Aristotle, Smith explicitly identified a certain segment of upper income class individuals...

Keynes provided a technical analysis on pages 179-181 of the General Theory that identified two separate rates of interest, r1 and r2, each different rate of interest associated with a different Demand for Investment and Supply of Savings Intersection. Each combination would provide a different,...

A.Hansen essentially went wrong in his evaluation of Keynes's work in the General Theory (GT;1936) that dealt with the Liquidity Preference function in chapters 13,14,15,and 21.His basic error occurs when he evaluates Keynes's chapter 14 analysis on pp.179-183 that dealt with the fact that the...

The belief that Hicks generalized Keynes's General Theory with his IS-LM model is contradicted by Keynes's own, explicit IS-LP(LM) model that was presented in Chapter 21 of the GT. This erroneous belief is based on a misreading of Chapter 13 of the General Theory that only considers Keynes's...

Joan Robinson did not understand the connection between Keynes's concept of the weight of the evidence from the A treatise on Probability and the concept of the weight of the evidence from the General Theory. She mixed up Keynes's concept of uncertainty, which is based on missing evidence or...

The myth or story regarding the creation of the IS-LM model in the economics profession goes something like this. Keynes correctly showed in the General Theory that you could not specify the rate of interest just from the supply of savings and demand for investment schedules alone because this...

Mathematical innumeracy, ineptness, illiteracy, and confusion has been endemic in the economics profession since 1936 when the specific case of economists attempting to read Keynes's General Theory is examined. Three economists will be studied–Gottfried Haberler, Ralph Hawtrey, and Joan...