By discussing the experiences of two EU Member States: Hungary and Poland, the article aims to demonstrate that there are three layers of rule of law which are relevant for EU competition law. The first one is external: it relates to the legal system of EU Member States which competition law is...

This article discusses the implications of the rule of law crisis on a core area of EU law: competition law. It analyses the reforms of the judiciary in selected EU Member States and the reaction of EU institutions. The article shows that the reforms of the judiciary give rise to doubts...

Competition is a vital component of, not only functioning market economies but also of democratic legal and political systems. In Europe, one of the key historical lessons so prominently advanced by the Ordoliberals was the concern about repercussions of concentrated market power and political...

We estimate the deterrence effects of European Commission (EC) merger policy instruments over the 1990-2009 period. Our empirical results suggest that phase-1 remedies uniquely generate robust deterrence as – unlike phase-1 withdrawals, phase-2 remedies, and preventions – phase-1 remedies...