in a given sector is affected by past reductions in applied tariffs. Employing an identification strategy based on 'new … measures', we find evidence of a substitution of non-tariff measures for tariffs both in the sample of TBT and in the sample of …. These results are consistent with our theoretical model, which predicts policy substitution between tariffs and standards in …

tariffs around the world improving our understanding of how countries set tariffs substantially. …This paper presents a new global tariff database covering tariffs at the six-digit product level for 197 importing … data and misreporting, almost doubling the number of available tariffs from 2.9 to 5.7 billion. The improvement in the data …

' export participation decisions. In the model as in the data, news and increased uncertainty about higher future tariffs …

-Uruguay Round applied tariffs and relying on the theoretical framework of the terms-of-trade motive for trade agreements, we …

-Uruguay Round applied tariffs and relying on the theoretical framework of the terms-of-trade motive for trade agreements, we …

represented 83% of the world's population and 91% of the world's GDP in 2013. We address five questions: Do some countries have …, how liberalized is world trade? Our analysis documents the extent of cross-sectional heterogeneity in applied commercial … policy barriers remain as an important feature of the world economy. …

current system of commitments boosts trade by between 10 and 30 percent, compared with a world where at any moment tariffs … binding tariff commitments under trade agreements (multilateral and regional agreements) and applied tariffs-what is also … known as tariffs' water. The results show that trade policy uncertainty is an important barrier to exports and its effects …