Facebook is recognized as a technological giant with possibly unprecedented power. It is assumed that recent large-scale scandals show just a glimpse of what might happen if the company fails to recognize its power. Voices calling for regulation are stronger than ever. Yet, before we move...

Competition is indispensable for proper function of market economy. In order to secure that competitive process is not harmed, competition authorities on both EU and national level observe conduct of undertakings. In case of a distortion of competition, the competition authorities are entitled...

The direct effect of EU directives was recognised more than 40 years ago. However, directives are not by definition binding for individuals, which is one of the reasons why the CJEU was reluctant to enable to rely on directives in the litigations between private parties. This has created...

Competition law is a specific field of law which is enforced by various institutions. EU competition law, although being an exclusive competence of the EU, is enforced not only by EU institutions, but also by national institutions, national competition authorities in particular. What are the...

Nowadays, many countries suffer from loss of confidence of their citizens. Huge protests are spread throughout many states even in the EU. The time has come to analyse the principles of good governance in order to make states trustworthy organisations again. This paper aims to contribute to the...

To have a proper regulation is arguably an ultimate aim of every regulator. In order to achieve this goal, the regulator needs to define to whom the regulation shall be addressed. With the conception of legal persons, this definition is a tricky task to do. Due to the fact that legal persons...

This paper analyses independence of National Competition Authorities under legislation before Directive 2019/1 and after Directive 2019/1. The aim of the paper is to find out whether Directive 2019/1 addresses the problem of independence properly or not. In order to answer the question, it...

Market economy presupposes a proper functioning of competition. Identification of situations potentially harmful for competition is a task for competition authorities. However, how to handle the situation at stake is an issue in itself. Although there is regulation of remedies in EU competition...