Many researchers use the G-index or E-index to measure firms' takeover defenses. Others argue that these indices are not related to firms' takeover likelihoods. We find that, unlike their raw values, the instrumented versions of these indices are significantly and negatively related to...

This paper examines the sizes of the fines, damage awards, remediation costs, and market value losses imposed on companies that violate environmental regulations. Firms violating environmental laws suffer statistically significant losses in the market value of firm equity. The losses, however,...

Shareholder perks are in-kind gifts or purchase discounts that disproportionately reward small shareholders. Data from Japanese firms indicate that firms initiating perk programs attract individual retail shareholders and experience increases in share values. We find support for three channels...

According to many business publications, firms that experience information security breaches suffer substantial reputational penalties. This paper examines incidents in which confidential information - for a firm's customers or employees - is stolen from or lost by publicly traded companies....

We investigate whether insider trading restrictions had their intended effects during the 1960s and 1970s. We do so by examining insider trading and stock market behavior prior to dividend initiations and omissions announced between 1935 and 1974. Contrary to existing research and commentary, we...