Private cartel damages litigation is on the rise in Europe since early 2000. This development has been initiated by the European courts and was supported by various policy initiatives of the European Commission, which found its culmination in the implementation of the EU Directive on Antitrust...

The private enforcement system in Trust law established by the Reg. 1/2003 enables the foundations to allow the development of indemnity claims caused by antitrust damages. The essential elements of antitrust damages are analysed in the present article according to the guidelines found in the...

The federal antitrust laws embody fundamental values of free enterprise and economic competition. At the same time, our federal system supports a strong degree of state sovereignty. In most cases, these values peacefully co-exist. But in a subset of cases — federal antitrust lawsuits against...

This chapter analyzes the evolution and current state of antitrust damages litigation in Portugal and Spain. Both countries share the commonality of being novice jurisdictions in dealing with these types of claims. Courts and professionals have shown to be up for the challenges raised in...