This Article argues that the liability framework governing securities trading is unable to effectively deter and …, benchmarking compliance using the three familiar standards grounding liability: (i) intent; (ii) negligence; and (iii) strict … liability. This Article shows that this framework is ineffective in markets that rely on algorithms – or pre …

This article explores how issuer liability reallocates fraud risk and how risk allocation may reduce the incidence of … fraud. In the US, the apparent absence of individual liability of officeholders and insufficient monitoring by insurers … monitor set by issuer liability. This article suggests that issuer liability could potentially have a stronger deterrent …