A patent right is an exclusionary right. With it, the patent holder can exclude third parties from making, using, selling, etc. products or processes protected by his patent. In the past, this right has also been referred to as a 'monopoly right' and this has lead to considerable confusion about...

A “stealth licensing” paradigm is emerging across the globe. It can be seen through subtle interventions from policy makers, judicial organs and administrative agencies. Those interventions seek to facilitate compulsory licenses outside the TRIPS agreement exceptions and/or to water down...

The credit ratings oligopoly has the stigmata of antitrust concerns. Nicolas Petit & Norman Neyrinck (University of Liege School of Law (ULg)

Interestingly, while all the evidence points to the existence of a competition problem in the rating industry, almost nothing has been written on whether the CRAs could be amenable to antitrust scrutiny. (Nicolas Petit & Norman Neyrinck, Univ. of Liege School of Law )

Can CRAs’ recent downgrading of sovereign ratings trigger antitrust liability? Nicolas Petit & Norman Neyrinck (Univ. of Liege)

This paper explores the possibility of remedial intervention against the credit rating oligopoly under the competition rules. It is divided in six parts. Following an introduction, Part II provides an overview of the credit rating industry. Part III demonstrates that there is a possible economic...

This paper attempts to demonstrate that whilst parallel trade (also referred to as “grey market trade” in the United States, or as “arbitrage” in economic theory) in the European Union is subject to a remarkably favourable legal regime, the economic case supporting this approach remains...