This report examines how the international monetary system (IMS) might evolve and the implications of different scenarios for the euro area over the next fifteen years.After the collapse of the Bretton Woods system forty years ago, the IMS gradually developed into its present state, a hybrid mix...

This paper discusses proposals for common euro area sovereign securities. Such instruments can potentially serve two functions: in the short-term, stabilize financial markets and banks and, in the medium-term, help improve the euro area economic governance framework through enhanced fiscal...

The policy response to the current European crisis has largely focused on its financial symptoms rather than on its deep economic and political causes. The aim of this paper is to contribute to the debate about the current architecture of the European Economic and Monetary Union. The crisis has...

This report examines possible scenarios for the evolution of the international monetary system (IMS) and their implications for the euro area, within a 15-year perspective. The report reviews the lessons from the history of the international monetary system (IMS), analyses the current IMS,...

The Asian financial crisis (1997) and the European crisis (2009) have both contributed to the development and deepening of regional safety net arrangements. This paper analyses the relationships between global and regional financial safety nets, and uncovers the potential tensions and...

As China's economic might grows, its standing and that of its currency in the international monetary system become increasingly pressing issues. The crisis seems to have reminded the Chinese authorities of the dangers of a unipolar monetary system, and they have therefore accelerated their plans...

France's President Emmanuel Macron and Germany's Chancellor Olaf Scholz have stressed the geopolitical emergency of re-designing the European Union's relationship with its neighbourhood. Both acknowledge that EU enlargement is necessary, but also emphasise that profound EU institutional reform...

Stagnating globalisation, the possible weaponisation of dependencies by autocracies, and US-China tensions threaten to disrupt Germany's export-driven economic model. But German efforts to 'derisk' that model remain underdeveloped, as does its policy toolkit. Germany's most important trade...

The Asian financial crisis (1997) and the European crisis (2009) have both contributed to the development and deepening of regional safety net arrangements. This paper analyses the relationships between global and regional financial safety nets, and uncovers the potential tensions and...