The central question addressed in this note is whether it is better to sell (and re-purchase) appreciated assets now and pay today's long-term capital gains tax rate, or wait to realize gains in the future and pay a likely higher capital gains tax rate. The authors argue that a framework based...

Recently, commodity index investing has come under attack. A Staff Report by the U.S. Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigation (hereafter, the "subcommittee report") "…finds that there is significant and persuasive evidence to conclude that these commodity index traders, in the...

VaR_Delta-Normal fails in two counts: subadditivity and potentially producing losses larger than its portfolio value. This paper solves the second inconsistency developing formulas derived from a put option, named PVaR_Delta-Normal and Put_Expected_Shortfall, PSF_Delta-Normal; the latter also...

Movements in prices depend both on innovations to cashflows and changes in discount rates, which can be modelled as fluctuations in the cross-sectional distribution of wealth across an unchanging set of investment objectives. This paper explores the risk that arises when investors do not have...

This paper documents that development exposure is an important determinant of private real estate returns and market risk exposure. It also documents that open-end private real estate funds have time-varying, procyclical market risk exposure through their development activities. As such, these...

Crises challenge client XVA management because the prices of derivatives contain the XVA hedges that the provider requires, as well as the functional hedge the client requires. By functional hedge we mean the hedge linked to the client's business, e.g. FX, inflation, interest rate. By XVA hedge...

The existing replication policies at top finance journals are far weaker than the policies at top economics journals. This paper explores both the costs and benefits of having a stronger replication policy in the context of my failed 2010 initiative to develop a unified policy across all top...

Bank behaviour is important for pricing XVA because it links different counterparties and thus breaks the usual XVA pricing assumption of counterparty independence. Consider a typical case of a bank hedging a client trade via a CCP. On client default the hedge (effects) will be removed...

We consider second, third, fourth and fifth order stochastic dominance (SSD, TSD, FOSD and FISD, respectively) as well as decreasing absolute risk aversion (DARA) stochastic dominance (DSD). For comparison with DSD we also consider stochastic dominance (ESD) based on CARA utility functions....

We explain the importance of Market Microstructure in the study of the Financial Markets, and then describe the Market Participants who collectively comprise the Financial Market. After a short history of capital markets, we describe the transition of the trading activities from the physical...