The damages directive recently adopted by the European Parliament and the Council contains a rebuttable presumption regarding the damage presumably caused by cartels. This rebuttable presumption, while allowing a reversal of the burden of proof which may be procedurally justified in facilitating...

This chapter discusses the significance of corporate compliance programmes as a competition enforcement tool. Current enforcement challenges in the fight against collusive practices that are, a low probability of detection and under-deterrence of corporate fines, raise the need to move away from...

We examine the merits of competition cases brought against Google with respect to alleged search bias. The four key steps in a structured investigation into an alleged abuse of dominance/monopolization/unfair method of competition are:1) characterization of the conduct, 2) market definition, 3)...

In this article, first published in 17 Managerial & Decision Econ. 127 (1996), we show how economic theory guides the courts' determinations of which harms from collusive and exclusionary practices constitute antitrust injury

This article, published in 1991, describes the two great ideologies of the market and the state that shaped antitrust law at its inception. In the evolutionary vision, market outcomes are spontaneous and unintended results of countless interactions of self-interested individuals; the resulting...

Unlike other industries, significant changes in the airline industry have not mainly occurred due to technological changes, but rather as a result of developments in the applicable legal framework and various institutional reforms. As a consequence of the deregulation wave which dates back to...

With its more than a decade-long enforcement practice, Turkish competition law has undergone significant changes that could indicate a move towards converging with the European jurisdiction in many respects. In particular, the Turkish merger control regime has been introduced to a new...

A number of issues arise with regard to competition law and data protection, in particular in the online services context. For one, the relationship between competition law and privacy is yet to be fully understood and we discuss below the aspects of this conundrum: first, we look into the issue...

Developed economies have historically been a model for emerging market economies, particularly in the development and enforcement of competition laws. Modifications to competition law rules in developed economies, however, may not always be practical for emerging market economies to adopt....