Stevens redefined measurement as “the assignment of numerals to objects and events according to a rule.” Using this definition, he defined four scales of measurement (nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio) and set out criteria for the appropriate statistical tests to be used with each....

Foreign aid donors' conceptions of governance have been formed in their own countries where governments enjoy substantial resources. They have largely failed to appreciate the enormity of the gap between the resources available to rich country governments and those available to poor country...