Recent research has examined trade statistics from a value-added perspective and it has traced global value chains (GVC) through countries' domestic production, exports and imports. Research by Koopman et al., Johnson and Noguera, Timmer, and OECD-WTO has made clear that our understanding of...

A Clean Energy Standard (CES) is a flexible, market-based policy instrument that could be adopted to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the U.S. electricity system over time. This paper uses several well-known energy system and electricity models to analyze a CES that reflects broad principles...