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The hierarchical credibility model was introduced, and extended, in the seventies and early eighties. It deals with the estimation of parameters that characterize the nodes of a tree structure.That model is limited, however, by the fact that its parameters are assumed fixed over time. This...
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The purpose of this paper is to survey recent developments in granular models and machine learning models for loss reserving, and to compare the two families with a view to assessment of their potential for future development.This is best understood against the context of the evolution of these...
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In German criminal law, intention is the label used not only for cases of knowledge and desire; it also includes cases of what the common law would call recklessness. German criminal law calls its approximation of recklessness dolus eventualis. It is on that concept that the article concentrates....
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