The hierarchical credibility model was introduced, and extended, in the seventies and early eighties. It deals with the estimation of parameters that characterize the nodes of a tree structure.That model is limited, however, by the fact that its parameters are assumed fixed over time. This...

The purpose of this paper is to survey recent developments in granular models and machine learning models for loss reserving, and to compare the two families with a view to assessment of their potential for future development.This is best understood against the context of the evolution of these...

In German criminal law, intention is the label used not only for cases of knowledge and desire; it also includes cases of what the common law would call recklessness. German criminal law calls its approximation of recklessness dolus eventualis. It is on that concept that the article concentrates....