It has long been disputed in Europe under which conditions collective agreements on the re-muneration of copyright holders are compatible with the ban on anti-competitive agreements in Article 101 TFEU. Privileging certain copyright licensing agreements, the European Commis-sion’s 2022...

For a long time, a prevailing view was that due to the dynamic nature of competition in digital markets intervention by antitrust authorities would do more harm than good. It was assumed that the permanent risk of disruptive innovations, Joseph Schumpeter’s “perennial gale of creative...

Having its first commercial breakthrough with ChatGPT, in 2023 artificial intelligence (AI) has rung in the fourth industrial revolution. This article outlines the technicalities and economics underlying generative AI, and what they mean for competition in digital markets and for antitrust and...

With its judgment of 10th November 2021, Europe’s General Court did not just dismiss Google’s appeal against the European Commission’s Google Search (Shopping) decision, uphold the fine, tell gatekeepers “don’t be evil,” and remind everyone that Europe ensures equal opportunities....

Data being the lubricant of any interest-based advertising, control over access to data has become a central competitive factor in the advertising business; and a focal point of several antitrust investigations. The dependence of data on the part of a publisher, an advertiser or an ad tech...